List the causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) can be attributed to several causes, each with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms:

1. Peptic Ulcer Disease: Both gastric and duodenal ulcers can erode into blood vessels, leading to bleeding. This is often related to Helicobacter pylori infection ____ ____ ______ _____ ____ _______ ____ _________ _______ ____ _______.
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