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The principle of proportionality in attack is a fundamental concept in the law of armed conflict, aiming to balance military necessity with humanitarian considerations. Its evolution reflects centuries of legal, ethical, and strategic debates, shaped by both customary international law and codified treaties. Historically, proportionality emerged from the recognition that warfare, while inherently destructive, must maintain limits to protect civilian populations and prevent unnecessary suffering. Early formulations can be traced to the writings of thinkers like Hugo Grotius and Emer de Vattel, ______ ______ _________ ____ __________ ______ ___ ______ ________ __________ _________ ____.
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