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International agencies play a pivotal role in shaping public policy in both developing and developed nations through financial assistance, technical expertise, policy advocacy, capacity building, and setting international norms. Their involvement has become increasingly prominent in the globalized era, where national challenges are frequently interlinked with global issues such as climate change, health pandemics, migration, trade, and sustainable development. These agencies—such as the United Nations (UN), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Health Organization (WHO), and World Trade Organization (WTO)—exert both direct and indirect influence on public policy formulation and implementation. One of the primary ways international agencies influence public policy is through financial support. Developing countries often rely on financial assistance from institutions like the World Bank and IMF to fund major infrastructural, social, and economic programs. This financial support, however, is typically conditional upon the implementation of certain policy reforms. These conditions, known as structural adjustment programs (SAPs) or loan conditionalities, compel recipient countries to align their economic and governance frameworks with neoliberal principles such as privatization, deregulation, trade liberalization, and fiscal austerity. Thus, even though national governments officially draft the policies, the overarching structure and content are often shaped _______ ______ _____ _________ ________ ______ ____ ______ _________ _______ __________.
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