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Total Quality Management views quality not as the responsibility of a single department or a final checking activity, but as an organization-wide philosophy that integrates all functions involved in creating and delivering value to the customer. Under TQM, design, engineering, manufacturing, and services are linked through a common commitment to continuous improvement, customer focus, prevention of defects, and involvement of people at all levels. This integration ensures that quality is built into the product or service from the very beginning and sustained throughout its life cycle. In the design function, TQM emphasizes understanding customer needs clearly and translating them into product or service specifications. Quality begins with knowing what the customer values, including performance, reliability, safety, aesthetics, cost, and ease of use. Tools such as quality function deployment help designers convert the “voice of the customer” into design characteristics. Under TQM, design is not done in isolation; cross-functional teams involving marketing, engineering, manufacturing, and service personnel collaborate to ensure that designs are practical, reliable, and capable of being produced consistently. This approach reduces the risk __________ _______ _________ _____ ___.
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