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The evolution of punishment theories from deterrent approaches to reformative and restorative perspectives has significantly influenced the development and functioning of correctional institutions in India. Traditionally, the criminal justice system emphasized deterrence, where punishment was intended to discourage offenders and others from committing crimes through fear of legal sanctions. Prisons primarily served as places of confinement and punishment. However, changing social, legal, and human rights perspectives have encouraged a transition toward reformative and restorative approaches that focus on rehabilitation, reintegration, and repairing harm caused by crime. The reformative theory is based on the belief that criminal behavior can be changed through appropriate interventions. It views offenders as individuals capable of transformation rather than as persons who should merely be punished. This philosophy has influenced Indian correctional institutions to adopt programs aimed ____ __________ ________ _______ ________.
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