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Marxism manifests itself in literary theory as a framework that views literature not merely as an aesthetic object but as a cultural product deeply rooted in material conditions, class structures, and social relations of power. Emerging from the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Marxist literary criticism seeks to understand literature in relation to the socio-economic forces that shape its production, circulation, and reception. Literature, according to Marxist theorists, reflects the dominant ideology of a particular age and simultaneously participates in either reinforcing or contesting that ideology. Thus, texts are read not in isolation, but in the context of their historical and economic circumstances. At its foundation, Marxist theory emphasizes the base-superstructure model, ______ __________ ____ _________ ________.
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