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Demographic changes significantly influence the vulnerability of societies to pandemics by shaping patterns of exposure, transmission, susceptibility, and response capacity. In the context of population and sustainable development, demographic dynamics such as population growth, ageing, urbanization, migration, changes in household structure, and population density interact with economic, social, and environmental factors to increase the risks and impacts of pandemics. Understanding these linkages is essential for designing sustainable and resilient public health systems. One of the most important demographic factors is population growth. Rapid population growth, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, places immense pressure on health systems, housing, sanitation, water supply, and other basic services. When the size of the population increases faster than the expansion of infrastructure, overcrowded living conditions become common, especially in urban slums and informal settlements. Such environments facilitate the rapid spread of infectious diseases due to close physical proximity, shared sanitation facilities, and limited access to clean water. During a pandemic, the high density of susceptible individuals in confined areas accelerates community transmission and overwhelms health services. Urbanization is another major demographic trend that heightens vulnerability. The world is increasingly urban, with a significant proportion of the population living in cities. While urban areas offer better access to health _____ ________ _________ ________ ______ ___ __________ __________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
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