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A. R. Desai offers a critical and materialist interpretation of the development of Indian nationalism by situating it within the historical context of colonialism and the emergence of new social classes. Drawing heavily on Marxist methodology, Desai rejects idealist and cultural explanations that portray nationalism as a spontaneous emotional awakening of the Indian people. Instead, he argues that Indian nationalism was a historically specific product of structural changes introduced by British colonial rule. According to Desai, the colonial economy dismantled traditional agrarian relations and introduced capitalist modes of production, modern transport, communication, and a centralized administrative system. These changes led to the rise of new social classes such as the modern intelligentsia, professionals, industrial bourgeoisie, and sections of the urban middle class. It was primarily these classes ______ _________ ___ ____ _______ ____ ______ ______.
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