How did Mendel's use of controlled crossbreeding in pea plants lead to the discovery of dominant and recessive traits? Describe the Mendel's laws of heredity.

Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants laid the foundation for modern genetics. Through controlled crossbreeding, he discovered the principles of dominant and recessive traits, which explained how traits are inherited across generations.  

Mendel selected pea plants (Pisum sativum) because they had distinct, easily observable traits such as flower color, seed shape, and plant height. He performed controlled crosses by manually transferring pollen from one plant to another, ensuring that specific parent plants were involved in each cross. This allowed him to track how traits were passed from one generation to the next.  

In his experiments, Mendel began by crossing two purebred (homozygous) plants with contrasting traits, such as a tall plant (TT) and a short plant (tt). The first-generation offspring (F₁) all exhibited only _______ ____ ____ ________ ______ __________.
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