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The PDCA cycle, also known as the Deming Cycle or Shewhart Cycle, is a fundamental concept in Total Quality Management (TQM) that provides a systematic framework for continuous improvement in organizational processes. It is a four-step iterative process—Plan, Do, Check, Act—that guides organizations in identifying problems, implementing solutions, evaluating results, and standardizing improvements. The application of the PDCA cycle in TQM ensures that quality is not treated as a one-time effort but as a continuous and structured journey towards excellence. The first step in the PDCA cycle is Plan, which involves identifying an opportunity for improvement or a problem that needs resolution. Within TQM, this stage requires a detailed analysis of existing processes, setting measurable objectives, and formulating a strategic plan to achieve desired outcomes. Planning is driven by data collected through quality audits, customer feedback, and performance metrics. For example, a manufacturing company may notice high defect rates in a production line. In the planning stage, the quality management team would analyze the causes of defects, review historical data, and establish specific targets such as reducing defects by 20% over the ___ ____ _____ ____ ______ __________ _____.
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