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The commercial preparation of pyrrole is primarily carried out by the Paal-Knorr synthesis and the Knorr synthesis, both of which involve suitable 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds or β-ketoesters as starting materials. In the Paal-Knorr method, a 1,4-dicarbonyl compound reacts with ammonia or a primary amine under acidic or slightly basic conditions to yield pyrrole. For _________ ______ _________ _____ ____.
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