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In monitoring and evaluation of projects and programmes, data is collected from various sources such as field observations, surveys, interviews, administrative records, and project reports. However, raw data in its original form is usually unorganized, incomplete, and difficult to interpret. Therefore, a series of operational processes are required to transform raw data into a presentable and meaningful format that can be used for decision making, reporting, and learning. These processes ensure that the collected data is accurate, reliable, and useful for stakeholders involved in the project or programme. The first important process is data collection and recording. During monitoring and evaluation activities, data is gathered from different sources using structured tools such as questionnaires, checklists, interview schedules, and observation forms. Field workers, enumerators, or monitoring staff record the information collected from beneficiaries, project staff, and stakeholders. Proper recording of data is essential because any mistake at this stage can affect the entire analysis process. Clear guidelines, standardized formats, and training of data collectors help ensure that the data recorded is consistent and reliable. After data collection, the next operational process is data editing. Data editing involves checking the collected data for errors, omissions, inconsistencies, and inaccuracies. In many cases, field data may contain incomplete responses, unclear entries, or contradictory information. Editing helps to correct these issues before the data is processed further. This process may involve verifying doubtful responses, correcting obvious mistakes, and ensuring that all required fields have been completed. Editing improves the quality of the data and ensures that only valid information is used in the subsequent stages of analysis. Following editing, the next step is data coding. Coding is the process of assigning numerical or symbolic codes to responses so ___ ______ _________ _______ ______ ______.
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