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Ontological certitude, within the framework of epistemology, pertains to the absolute certainty regarding the existence of being. It is rooted in metaphysical reflection, especially in the philosophical traditions of rationalism and scholasticism, where thinkers like René Descartes and Thomas Aquinas explored the foundational nature of existence and the human mind’s capacity to attain unshakable knowledge of it. Epistemologically, ontological certitude represents the highest grade of certainty—knowledge that cannot be doubted because it is self-evident or necessarily true. The classical expression of ontological certitude is found in Descartes' famous dictum *“Cogito, ergo sum”* (“I think, therefore I am”). Here, Descartes identifies the existence of the self as an indubitable truth. Even if a powerful deceiver were manipulating one’s thoughts, the very act of doubting affirms the existence of the _______ ______ _______ ___ ______ ___ __________.
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