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The pituitary gland in both amphibians and birds functions as a major endocrine organ coordinating growth, reproduction, metabolism, and other physiological activities, but it shows distinct structural and functional differences reflecting their evolutionary status and life habits. In amphibians, the pituitary gland is relatively simple and small, lying ventral to the brain and closely associated with the hypothalamus through a short _________ _________ _______ ___ _______ ______.
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