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Animal behavior in chordates is strongly influenced by genetic mechanisms that interact with environmental factors to shape patterns of action, communication, learning, and social organization. Genes provide the biological framework for the development of the nervous system, sensory organs, endocrine pathways, and musculature, all of which are essential for the expression of behavior. In chordates, which include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, many behaviors show clear genetic components, ranging from simple reflexes to complex social and cognitive activities. At the molecular level, genes regulate the synthesis of proteins such as neurotransmitters, receptors, ion channels, and hormones that directly affect neural signaling. Variations or mutations in these genes can alter behavior by changing neuronal excitability or synaptic connectivity. For example, genes controlling ____ __________ ________ ______ __________ _________ _________ __________.
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