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Farmer Field Schools (FFSs) are participatory, learning-based approaches designed to train farmers in sustainable agriculture, particularly in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The concept emerged in the late 1980s as a response to the overuse of chemical pesticides and the need for empowering farmers to make informed pest management decisions. FFSs emphasize experiential learning, where farmers observe, analyze, and discuss __________ ___ ________ _______ ________ ____ ___ ____ _______ ____ _______.
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