Factors affecting spectral signature of landforms

The spectral signature of landforms, as observed in remote sensing data, is influenced by various factors:

1. Geology: Different types of rock and soil compositions have distinct spectral signatures. For example, limestone may appear bright in near-infrared wavelengths, while basalt may appear dark.

2. Topography: Slope and aspect affect the amount of solar radiation received and reflected, influencing spectral signatures. Steep slopes may produce shadows, leading _____ _______ _____ _______ ________.
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