Question

Explain the working principle of optical fiber communication. Compare Step-Index Single Mode,
Step-Index Multimode, and Graded-Index Multimode optical fibers with respect to structure,
transmission characteristics, bandwidth, and applications. 
(b) Describe the TCP/IP reference model. Explain the responsibilities of each layer and identify two
protocols commonly associated with every layer. Also explain how encapsulation takes place while
sending data from an application to the physical network. 

08 Aug 2026
Answer :
Word Count : 141
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