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Earthwork measurement is a fundamental activity in Construction Management–I because it directly affects project cost estimation, scheduling, resource allocation, and contractor payments. Accurate measurement ensures that excavation and embankment quantities are properly assessed for billing and cost control. The measurement of earthwork generally involves determining the volume of soil to be excavated, filled, or transported. Since earthwork deals with irregular ground surfaces and varying depths, different methods are adopted depending on the nature and scale of the project. The commonly used methods include the cross-section method, spot level method, block method, contour method, trapezoidal method, prismoidal method, and modern digital techniques. One of the most widely used methods for measuring earthwork in linear projects such as roads, railways, and canals is the cross-section method. In this method, cross-sections are taken at regular intervals along the alignment of the project. The area of each cross-section is calculated based on the original ground level and the proposed formation level. The volume between two consecutive cross-sections is then determined by applying either the trapezoidal formula or the prismoidal formula. This method is suitable for projects where the ground profile changes gradually along the length. The trapezoidal method is a simple and commonly used approach in conjunction with cross-sections. According to ________ ____ _____ ______ _____ _________ ____ _____ _______.
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