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Vulnerability in the context of disasters refers to the susceptibility of individuals, communities, or systems to the adverse effects of hazards. It is a multidimensional concept, as it encompasses not just physical exposure to hazards but also social, economic, environmental, and institutional factors that influence the capacity to anticipate, cope with, and recover from disasters. Understanding the various dimensions of vulnerability is essential for comprehensive disaster risk assessment and management. Physical vulnerability relates to the susceptibility of human life, property, and infrastructure to harm from hazards. This includes factors such as the location of settlements in hazard-prone areas, the structural integrity of buildings, and the resilience of critical infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, and transportation networks. For example, densely populated urban areas with poorly constructed housing __________ ________ ______ ______ _______ ______ _________ _____ ___.
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