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Urban cities, due to their rapid growth and concentration of populations, face multiple layers of disaster vulnerability. Several interlinked factors—social, economic, environmental, and infrastructural—make them more prone to disaster risks. The process of urbanization itself, while contributing to development, often increases exposure to hazards and reduces the adaptive capacity of communities. One of the primary factors is population density. Cities attract large populations seeking employment, education, and better living standards. High density creates congested living conditions, particularly in informal settlements or slums, where basic infrastructure and services such as sanitation, drainage, and waste management are inadequate. In such environments, even minor hazards such as heavy rainfall can escalate into severe flooding, waterlogging, and outbreaks of disease. Overcrowding also complicates evacuation, rescue, and relief operations during disasters. Unplanned urbanization further heightens vulnerability. Many cities expand _________ _________ _________ _____ _______ ______ ________ ___ ____.
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