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Aggression has long been a central topic of study in social psychology because of its pervasive influence on interpersonal relations, group dynamics, and societal functioning. Aggression is typically defined as behavior that is intended to cause harm to another person who is motivated to avoid that harm. It can take physical, verbal, or psychological forms, ranging from overt violence to subtle hostility. Understanding the causes of aggression requires examining both individual and situational factors, as well as broader theoretical approaches that explain why people behave aggressively in certain contexts. Over time, multiple perspectives have developed, including biological, psychological, and social theories, each contributing to a more complete understanding of this complex behavior. One of the earliest approaches to aggression was the instinct theory, which proposed that aggression is an innate biological drive, similar to hunger or thirst. Sigmund Freud, for instance, argued that humans possess a death instinct (Thanatos) that produces aggressive impulses, and if not released, these impulses can build up and erupt in destructive behavior. According to this view, aggression is inevitable and must be expressed in some form, either directly or through displacement into socially acceptable outlets. Ethologists such as Konrad Lorenz also supported the idea that aggression is instinctual, serving evolutionary functions like survival, protection of resources, and reproduction. From this standpoint, aggression is a _________ ___ ____ __________ ___ ________ _______ ___ ___ ______ ___ ____.
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