Explain the various approaches to social welfare.

In India, social welfare has been a crucial aspect of public policy and administration, shaped by various ideologies and approaches. These approaches reflect different perspectives on how to address poverty, inequality, and overall well-being in society. Broadly, the approaches to social welfare in India can be categorized into residual, institutional, developmental, and rights-based approaches.

### 1. Residual Approach

The residual approach views social welfare as a temporary, emergency response to address individual needs that arise when traditional structures such as family, market, or community fail to provide support. It is typically implemented through targeted programs for marginalized groups, such as the poor, elderly, or disabled, often as a safety net.

Advantages:
- Cost-Effective: It targets only those in dire need, leading to less strain on public resources.
- Immediate Relief: Provides quick assistance during emergencies or crises, such as natural disasters or sudden unemployment.

Disadvantages:
- Stigmatization: Recipients of welfare may face social stigma, as they are seen as dependents on state support.
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