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The term ‘stream of consciousness’ was first used by the American psychologist William James in his book *Principles of Psychology* (1890) to describe the continuous flow of thoughts in the human mind. In literature, this narrative technique attempts to replicate the natural thought processes of characters, presenting an unfiltered and often fragmented interior monologue. It avoids conventional sentence structure and logical sequencing, instead favoring associative leaps and subjective impressions. The technique is frequently characterized by the omission of punctuation, abrupt shifts in time and perspective, and an emphasis on sensory impressions, emotions, and random thoughts rather than orderly narration. Writers such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Dorothy Richardson employed this method to give readers direct access to a character’s consciousness. In the context of *A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man* by James Joyce, the stream of consciousness technique plays a central role in depicting the evolving consciousness of the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus. Joyce employs this method to portray Stephen’s mental and emotional development from childhood to early adulthood. The narrative does not rely on an external narrator who interprets or explains Stephen’s feelings; rather, it immerses the reader in Stephen’s subjective experience. For instance, the early sections of the novel reflect the unstructured and sensory-dominated thoughts of a child: “Once upon a time and a very good time it was _____ ________ ___ _________ _________ ___ _____ ________ _______.
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