Explain the salient features of Paris Agreement on climate change. 

The Paris Agreement, adopted on December 12, 2015, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), marks a significant milestone in international efforts to address climate change. It represents a legally binding international treaty involving almost every nation on Earth, and it aims to limit global warming, adapt to climate impacts, and promote sustainable development. Its significance lies in its inclusive and participatory framework, accommodating both developed and developing countries. The Paris Agreement reflects a global consensus that climate change is a shared threat to humanity and the planet and requires cooperative action. Understanding its salient features is crucial to examining the intersection of climate change and society, particularly how global policy frameworks can shape environmental, economic, and social outcomes.

One of the most significant features of the Paris Agreement is its temperature goal, which aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the rise to 1.5°C. This dual-target structure recognizes the intensifying effects of climate change, particularly on vulnerable populations and ecosystems, and is rooted in scientific evidence that suggests a 1.5°C threshold is critical to avoid catastrophic impacts. The emphasis on the 1.5°C goal reflects the growing influence of climate-vulnerable states and civil society actors in shaping international negotiations. It also directly connects to societal concerns such as food security, public health, water access, and displacement caused by rising sea levels.

A central innovation of the Paris Agreement is the concept of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Each country is required to prepare, communicate, and maintain successive NDCs that reflect its highest possible ambition. These contributions outline national efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate impacts. Unlike the top-down approach of the Kyoto Protocol, which imposed binding emission targets on developed countries, the Paris Agreement adopts a bottom-up strategy, granting nations ____ ____ ________ _________ ________ ______ _________ ___ ________ __________ _________.
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