Explain the revival of trade and urbanisation in Early Medieval India.

Trade and urbanisation during the early medieval period of Indian history has been a debated issue. The dominant historiography has presented this phase of Indian history as the one characterised by the decline of the urban centres, which had emerged during the ‘second urbanisation’.This historiography explains the decline as a result of the decline of long-distance trade with the Western world as compared to the conditions prevailing during the post-Mauryan centuries. It is argued that urbanisation was again caused primarily by the revival of commercial activities due to a number of factors including ‘revival of foreign trade’.The position has been challenged by scholars who attach more importance to the processes operating at the regional and locality levels. Popularly known as the ‘Integrative model’, their explanation seeks to focus on the processes of locality and region formation through time. According to this model, an understanding of such processes may help us understand the contemporary structures in a more rational manner. The model suggests that factors like agrarian expansion and the formation of local and regional polities contributed to the development of locallevel exchange centres, some of which evolved as urban centres.The present article attempts to evaluate these positions in the context of southern Karnataka _________ __________ _______ _____ _____ ___.
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