Explain the reasons for the following? 

a. HF stored in copper bottles and not glass bottles 

b. Sodium hypochlorite used as a disinfectant 

c. Graphite acts as a lubricant 

d. Lead components are added to gasoline and why was it removed with the advent  of catalytic convertors 

e. TEL was banned as a gasoline additive

A)

Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) is a highly corrosive and toxic gas that poses significant health and safety risks if not stored and handled properly. Therefore, it is essential to store HF in containers that are compatible with the gas and can withstand its corrosive properties. Copper bottles are the preferred choice for storing HF over glass bottles for several reasons, which are explained below.

1. Compatibility with HF:

Copper is a highly resistant material to chemical reactions, and it is compatible with HF. Copper reacts slowly with HF to form copper fluoride, which creates a protective layer on the surface of the copper bottle, preventing further corrosion. In contrast, glass is not compatible with HF and will react with it to form SiF4 (Silicon Tetrafluoride), which can cause glass to weaken and eventually crack.

2. Corrosion resistance:

Copper is an excellent material for storing HF because it is resistant to corrosion. HF is a highly corrosive gas that can attack and corrode many materials, including steel, aluminum, and plastic. Copper, on the other hand, is resistant to corrosion caused by HF, making it an ideal choice for storing the gas.

3. Strength and durability:

Copper bottles are strong and durable, making them ideal for the storage of hazardous materials such as HF. The strength and durability of copper bottles make them less prone to breakage or leaks, which can be disastrous when dealing with toxic gases.

4. Cost-effective:

Copper bottles are a cost-effective option for storing HF. Although copper is more expensive than glass, it is still a cost-effective option because it is long-lasting and requires little maintenance. Additionally, the cost of replacing broken glass bottles can quickly add up, making copper bottles the more economical option.

5. Regulations:

The transportation and storage of hazardous materials such as HF are regulated by several agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Department of Transportation (DOT). These agencies require that containers for hazardous materials meet specific standards to ensure the safety of workers and the general public. Copper bottles meet these standards and are approved for the storage and transportation of HF.

In conclusion, storing HF in copper bottles is the best option due to its compatibility with the gas, corrosion resistance, strength, durability, cost-effectiveness, and adherence to regulations. Although glass bottles may be cheaper, they are not suitable for storing HF and pose a significant risk to workers' safety and the environment.

B)

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound commonly used as a disinfectant due to its ability to kill a wide range of microorganisms. This chemical is also known as bleach or liquid chlorine, and it is widely used in various industries, including water treatment, food processing, and healthcare. Sodium hypochlorite works by breaking down the cell walls of microorganisms, effectively killing them and preventing the spread of infection.

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