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Sigmund Freud’s Psycho-sexual Theory of Human Development is one of the earliest comprehensive theories explaining how personality develops through childhood experiences. Freud proposed that human behaviour is strongly influenced by unconscious motives and instinctual drives, particularly the sexual or life energy that he called “libido.” According to him, personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages, and at each stage the libido is focused on a particular part of the body known as an erogenous zone. The way a child’s needs are satisfied, frustrated, or overindulged during these stages influences later personality and behaviour. Freud believed that unresolved conflicts at any stage could result in fixation, which may affect an individual’s personality in adulthood. Freud divided psychosexual development into five major stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each stage is associated with a particular age period, a specific source of pleasure, and a developmental conflict that the child must negotiate. The oral stage occurs from birth to approximately 18 months of age. During this period, the mouth is the primary source of pleasure. Infants obtain satisfaction through sucking, feeding, biting, and putting objects into their mouths. According to Freud, activities such as breastfeeding are important not only for nutrition but also for emotional satisfaction and the development of security. The major developmental issue is the gradual movement from complete dependence on the caregiver toward greater independence. For example, a baby who is hungry may cry until the caregiver provides food. Sucking provides both physical nourishment and psychological comfort. Freud suggested that excessive frustration or excessive gratification of oral needs might produce fixation ______ _____ _________ __________ _________ _____ ___ ___.
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