Explain the processes of heating and cooling of earth's atmosphere. Describe the horizontal and vertical distribution of temperature and the concept of adiabatic lapse rate.

The heating and cooling of Earth's atmosphere occur through various processes, which regulate the planet’s temperature and climate. These processes include radiation, conduction, convection, and advection.

Processes of Heating and Cooling of Earth's Atmosphere

1. Insolation (Solar Radiation):
   The primary source of atmospheric heating is solar radiation. The Sun emits shortwave radiation, which passes through the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface. About 51% of this radiation is absorbed by the land and oceans, heating them.

2. Terrestrial Radiation:
   The heated Earth's surface emits longwave infrared radiation, which is absorbed by greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, H₂O vapor), leading to the warming of the lower atmosphere. This is known as the greenhouse effect.

3. Conduction:
   The transfer of heat from the Earth's surface to the air in direct contact with it occurs through conduction. However, air is ____ _____ ___ ____ ________ _____ ______ _________ ______ _____ ____.
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