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Normalization is a systematic process used in database management to organize data efficiently and reduce redundancy, inconsistency, and dependency problems. It involves dividing a large relation into smaller, well-structured relations and establishing appropriate relationships among them. The main objective of normalization is to ensure that each piece of information is stored in the most suitable place and that unnecessary duplication of data is minimized. Normalization is particularly important in relational database design because poorly designed tables may lead to insertion, deletion, and update anomalies. The process of normalization is based mainly on functional dependencies and normal forms. A functional dependency describes a relationship between attributes in a relation. If the value of one attribute uniquely determines the value of another attribute, the second attribute is said to be functionally dependent on the first. For example, if Student_ID uniquely identifies a student, then Student_ID determines Student_Name. This can be represented as Student_ID → Student_Name. Normalization generally proceeds through several stages, known as normal forms. The most commonly used normal forms are First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), and Third Normal Form (3NF). Each normal form imposes additional rules on the structure of a relation. First Normal Form requires that every attribute contain only atomic or indivisible values. A relation is in 1NF when there are no repeating groups or multivalued attributes in a single field. For example, a student record containing a field called Phone_Numbers with values such as “9876543210, 9123456780” is not in 1NF because the field contains multiple values. These values should be separated into appropriate rows or relations. Thus, 1NF ensures that each cell of a table _______ __________ ____ ______ ________ ________ ______ __________ __________ ______.
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