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In data communication and computer networks, the reliability of data transmission is critical to ensure accurate and error-free delivery of information. Due to various factors such as noise, interference, and signal attenuation, data may become corrupted during transmission. To maintain the integrity of data, systems implement error detection and correction techniques that enable the identification and correction of errors that occur in the transmission process. These techniques are fundamental in both wired and wireless communication networks, forming a core part of data link and transport layer responsibilities in the OSI and TCP/IP models. The process of detecting and correcting transmission errors involves several steps, starting from the generation of data at the sender’s side to the verification and possible correction at the receiver’s end. Error detection techniques identify whether errors have occurred during transmission, while error correction methods aim to identify and reconstruct the original data without the need for retransmission. One of the primary methods used for error detection is the parity bit technique. Parity checking is a simple error detection method in which a single bit, known as a parity bit, is added to the __________ _____ _________ ______ ________ ________ _________ ____ _______ ______ _________.
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