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The principle of individual criminal responsibility is a cornerstone of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and international criminal law, establishing that individuals, rather than states or groups, are personally accountable for violations of international law. This principle emerged prominently after the Second World War, particularly through the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials, which set precedents by prosecuting individuals for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace, rather than attributing liability solely to states. The principle emphasizes that following orders or acting under state authority does not absolve a person from legal responsibility for illegal acts, reinforcing the notion that __________ __________ ___ _______ _____ __________ ___ __________ ___.
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