Explain the principle of Individual criminal Responsibility.

Individual criminal responsibility is a key concept in international humanitarian law (IHL), which focuses on holding individuals accountable for violations of the laws of war, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. This principle ensures that individuals, rather than states or organizations, are held personally liable for unlawful actions committed during armed conflict. It serves as a safeguard against impunity and ensures justice for victims of international crimes.

The principle of individual criminal responsibility is rooted in the idea that individuals must be accountable for their actions, even during times of war, and cannot use the defense of "following orders" or acting on behalf of a state or military hierarchy as an excuse for committing atrocities. This is __________ ______ ________ _________ ___.
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