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Infrared (IR) spectrometry and mass spectrometry are two pivotal analytical techniques in environmental chemistry, each providing unique insights into the composition, structure, and quantity of chemical species in environmental samples. Both techniques rely on fundamental principles of molecular interaction with energy, allowing scientists to identify pollutants, study chemical transformations, and monitor environmental quality. IR spectrometry is based on the principle that molecules absorb infrared radiation at specific frequencies corresponding to the vibrations of chemical bonds. When a molecule is irradiated with IR light, certain wavelengths are absorbed, leading to vibrational transitions within the molecule. Each functional group in a molecule, such as C=O, O-H, N-H, or C-H, absorbs IR radiation at characteristic frequencies, producing a spectrum that acts as a molecular fingerprint. The absorption of energy occurs because the IR radiation induces changes in the dipole moment of bonds, and these absorptions are detected as peaks in an IR spectrum. This makes IR spectrometry particularly useful for identifying functional groups and elucidating molecular structures. The instrumentation of IR spectrometry typically includes an IR source, a sample holder, a monochromator or interferometer, and a detector. The IR source emits radiation in the mid-infrared region (approximately 4000–400 cm⁻¹), which passes through the sample. The sample may be in the form of a gas, liquid, or solid, often prepared as a thin film or _________ _____ ___ ____ ___ _________ ________ ______ ______ _________ _______ ____.
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