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Environmental chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of chemical processes occurring in the environment and their effects on ecosystems, human health, and the planet as a whole. It integrates principles of chemistry, biology, geology, and environmental science to understand how chemicals interact with air, water, soil, and living organisms. The core objective of environmental chemistry is to analyze and mitigate pollution, understand natural chemical cycles, and develop sustainable practices that reduce environmental damage. It covers both natural phenomena, such as the cycling of elements, and anthropogenic influences, including industrial emissions, agricultural runoff, and waste management. The concept of environmental chemistry revolves around understanding chemical substances in the environment, their sources, transformations, transport mechanisms, and ultimate fate. Chemical pollutants, whether in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, undergo physical, chemical, and biological transformations that can have short-term or long-term environmental consequences. For instance, nitrogen oxides released from vehicles can react with volatile organic compounds in sunlight to form photochemical smog, illustrating how chemical reactions in the atmosphere directly impact air quality and human health. Similarly, heavy metals like lead and mercury released into water bodies accumulate in aquatic organisms, eventually entering _______ ______ ___ ___ _____ ________ _______ _________.
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