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Microwave remote sensing is a technique that uses microwave radiation, typically in the wavelength range of about 1 mm to 1 m, to acquire information about the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. Unlike optical remote sensing, microwave remote sensing has the advantage of being largely independent of solar illumination and atmospheric conditions such as clouds, haze, and rain. This makes it especially valuable for all-weather, day-and-night observations, which is critical for continuous environmental monitoring. Microwave remote sensing systems are broadly classified into passive and active systems. Passive microwave remote sensing measures the natural microwave energy emitted by the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. This emitted energy, known as brightness temperature, _________ _______ ________ _____ ________ ____ ______ ___ __________ ______.
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