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Micro-finance initiatives in India refer to the provision of small-scale financial services such as credit, savings, insurance, and remittance facilities to low-income individuals who lack access to formal banking institutions. These initiatives have played a crucial role in promoting inclusive growth, reducing rural poverty, and strengthening agricultural development by empowering small and marginal farmers, landless laborers, and rural women. In a country like India, where a large proportion of the population depends on agriculture and allied activities for livelihood, access to affordable financial services is essential for improving productivity, income stability, and resilience against risks. One of the most significant micro-finance initiatives in India is the Self-Help Group (SHG)–Bank Linkage Programme launched by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in 1992. Under this model, small groups of individuals, particularly women, come together to form savings groups and later obtain loans from banks based on collective guarantees. The SHG model has been widely successful in mobilizing rural savings, promoting financial literacy, and providing collateral-free loans for agricultural activities, livestock rearing, small enterprises, and consumption needs. The programme has also strengthened women’s participation in decision-making processes within households and communities, contributing ______ ____ _______ ______ _____ _______.
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