Explain the meaning of the terms garbage collection, fragmentation, relocation and compaction.

Garbage collection, fragmentation, relocation, and compaction are essential concepts in programming and data structures, particularly in the context of memory management. Each term refers to a distinct process or phenomenon that helps optimize the allocation, use, and cleanup of memory resources in a system.

Garbage collection is the automatic process by which a program reclaims memory that is no longer in use or reachable by the program. This is primarily used in programming languages with automatic memory management, like Java and Python, where memory is allocated dynamically at runtime. Garbage collection aims to identify objects or data structures that no longer have references pointing to them, and thus, can be safely discarded. It helps prevent memory leaks, where memory is consumed but never freed, potentially leading to performance degradation or system crashes. Various garbage collection algorithms exist, including mark-and-sweep, reference _________ __________ _______ ______ ________.
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