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Physical and motor development during childhood is a critical aspect of overall human development, forming the foundation for cognitive, social, and emotional growth. Early childhood, typically defined as the period from ages 2 to 6, and late childhood, from ages 6 to 12, show distinctive patterns of growth and motor skill acquisition, shaped by genetic factors, nutrition, environmental influences, and opportunities for practice and exploration. Understanding these characteristics requires an integration of developmental theories, such as those proposed by Piaget, Gesell, and dynamic systems theorists, which emphasize both biological maturation and the interaction between the child and the environment. During early childhood, physical development is characterized by rapid but uneven growth. Children experience a steady increase in height and weight, with boys and girls showing slightly different growth trajectories. On average, toddlers gain about 2–3 kilograms per year and grow approximately 6–7 centimeters annually. Their body proportions gradually shift from the stocky, round forms of infancy to more slender and elongated shapes. This period is marked by the continued refinement of gross and fine motor skills, reflecting the maturation of the nervous system and increased muscular coordination. Gross motor skills, which involve large muscle movements such as running, jumping, climbing, and balancing, develop progressively through practice and play. For example, by age three, most children can run easily, climb stairs with alternating feet, and begin to pedal tricycles, while by ______ _____ ____ ____ ___ ___ _________ _________ ________ _____.
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