Explain the impacts of climate change on biodiversity.

Change in climate has consequences on the biophysical environment such as changes in the start and length of the seasons, glacial retreat, decrease in Arctic sea ice extent and a rise in sea level. These changes have already had an observable impact on biodiversity at the species level, in term of phenology, distribution & populations, and ecosystem level in terms of distribution, composition & function.

Many changes have been reported in the distribution of species. In general, many species have expanded their ranges poleward in latitude and upward in elevation. Evidence of contraction in species’ distribution is limited, however, possibly due to reporting difficulties and time lag in such contractions due to a wide variety of possible mechanism such as population dynamics. Populations of many species have declined, and although in some cases climate change is believed to have contributed to the decline, attributing this is fraught with difficulty as it is likely to be only one driver amongst many. At the species level, changes observed that can be attributed to climate change involve those surrounding phenology (the timing of events). Many birds and insects are showing changes, such as earlier onset of migration, egg-laying and breeding.  In terms of ecosystems, there has been some evidence on changes in distribution. e.g. desert ecosystems have expanded, and tree lines in mountain _________ _______ ________ ______ ______ _________ ____ ________ _________ ______ _______ ___.
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