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The impact of British colonial rule on class formation in Indian society was profound and long-lasting. It introduced new economic, political, and social structures that transformed traditional social hierarchies and led to the emergence of new classes based on occupation, education, and relationship with colonial power. One of the major impacts was the creation of a new landed aristocracy through the Permanent Settlement (1793) and other land revenue systems such as Ryotwari and Mahalwari. These policies restructured agrarian relations by recognizing zamindars and landlords as the owners of land, who collected taxes from peasants. This class of landlords became loyal to the British, while the peasantry was subjected to exploitation, indebtedness, and poverty. The traditional village-based self-sufficient economy broke down, and the economic surplus began to be drained out ______ _________ ____ _____ __________ ____ _____ _______ _______ __________ _____.
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