Explain the following with suitable examples
a. Chemical equilibrium & Dynamic equilibrium
b. Aromatic hydrocarbons as environmental pollutants
c. Biochemical effects of Arsenic & Mercury
d. Mechanism of adsorption

a. Chemical equilibrium & Dynamic equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium, condition in the course of a reversible chemical reaction in which no net change in the amounts of reactants and products occurs. A reversible chemical reaction is one in which the products, as soon as they are formed, react to produce the original reactants. At equilibrium, the two opposing reactions go on at equal rates, or velocities, and hence there is no net change in the amounts of substances involved. At this point the reaction may be considered to be completed; i.e., for some specified reaction condition, the maximum conversion of reactants to products has been attained.

The conditions that pertain to equilibrium may be given quantitative formulation. For example, for the reversible reaction a ⇋ b + c, the velocity of the reaction to the right, r1, is given by the mathematical expression (based on the law of mass action) r1 = k1(a), where k1 is the reaction-rate constant and the symbol in parentheses represents the concentration of a. The velocity of the reaction to the left, r2, is r2 = k2(b)(c). At equilibrium, r1 = r2, therefore:

The subscript e represents conditions at equilibrium. For a given reaction, at some specified condition of temperature and pressure, the ratio of the amounts of products and reactants present at equilibrium, each raised to their respective powers, is a constant, designated the equilibrium constant of the reaction and represented by the symbol k. The value of the equilibrium constant varies with the temperature and pressure according to the principle of le chatelier.

Dynamic Equilibrium can be defined as the state of a given system in which the reversible reaction taking place in it stops changing the ratio of reactants and products, but there is a movement of substances between the reactants and the products. This movement occurs at an equal rate and there is no net change of the reactant and product ratio.

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