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The Paris Agreement on Climate Change represents one of the most significant milestones in international efforts to address global warming and its associated impacts. Adopted in December 2015 at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), it brought together almost every country in the world with a common goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting the rise in global temperatures. It replaced the Kyoto Protocol as the central international framework for climate action and stands as a landmark in multilateral diplomacy due to its universal participation, flexible structure, and long-term vision for sustainable development. The agreement embodies a global consensus on the urgent need to act against climate change while balancing the developmental priorities of countries, particularly those that are still struggling with poverty and economic growth. One of the defining features of the Paris Agreement is its long-term temperature goal. It seeks to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. This ambitious aim recognizes the scientific findings that even a 2-degree rise could lead to severe consequences such as intensified heatwaves, sea level rise, biodiversity loss, and extreme weather events. By emphasizing the 1.5-degree target, the agreement reflects the voices of vulnerable nations like small island states and least developed countries that face existential threats from rising seas and climatic disruptions. The explicit inclusion of this aspirational goal marks a significant advancement from previous agreements, signaling the international community’s acknowledgment of the urgency of the climate crisis. Another central feature of the Paris Agreement is its emphasis on nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, which imposed legally binding emission reduction targets on developed nations, the Paris Agreement allows each country to put forward its own climate action plan according to its national circumstances, capacities, and priorities. These NDCs are voluntary in their design but binding in the sense that countries are required to prepare, communicate, and maintain ______ ___ _____ ______ ________ ______ ______ _________ _______ _________ __________.
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