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The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, adopted in December 2015 at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), represents a landmark international accord aimed at addressing global warming and its associated impacts. It brought together almost all nations of the world to work collectively towards a sustainable future, marking a shift from the Kyoto Protocol’s binding top-down targets to a more flexible, bottom-up approach driven by national commitments. The Paris Agreement is widely regarded as a turning point in global climate governance because it set a universal framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions while recognizing the diverse capacities and responsibilities of countries. Its features reflect a balance between ambition and practicality, with mechanisms for accountability, transparency, and long-term cooperation. One of the central features of the Paris Agreement is its long-term temperature goal. Countries agreed to hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. This inclusion of the 1.5°C target was particularly significant, as it acknowledged the demands of vulnerable nations such as small island states and least developed countries, for whom the impacts of warming beyond this level could be catastrophic. Scientific assessments highlighted that even half a degree of difference could have severe consequences on ecosystems, food security, water availability, and human health. Thus, the temperature goal became a rallying point for international cooperation. The Paris Agreement also introduced the concept of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, which imposed legally binding emission reduction targets on developed nations, the Paris framework allowed each country to submit its _______ _____ _______ __________ ____ ______ _______ ________.
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