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After independence, rural India underwent significant transformation driven by political, economic, social, and technological changes. The most important factor of change was land reforms. The abolition of intermediaries such as zamindars aimed to establish direct relationships between cultivators and the state, reduce exploitation, and improve agricultural productivity. Though unevenly implemented across states, land reforms altered ownership patterns, provided tenancy security in some regions, and laid the foundation for a more equitable rural structure. Agricultural development policies played a crucial role in changing rural India. The introduction of the Green Revolution in the mid-1960s marked a major shift from subsistence farming to market-oriented agriculture. High-yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and assured irrigation increased food grain production, particularly wheat and rice. This reduced dependence on food imports and improved food security. However, the benefits were regionally concentrated, mainly in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh, leading to new forms of regional and class inequalities in rural areas. Expansion of irrigation and rural infrastructure significantly contributed to rural change. Large multipurpose river _______ ____ ____ ______ _____ _____.
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