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The evolution of India’s National Education Policies from the National Policy on Education (NPE) 1968 to the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 reflects the country’s consistent attempt to align its educational vision with the constitutional values of equity and excellence. Each policy emerged in a distinct historical, political, and economic context, and attempted to reinterpret and implement these ideals within the prevailing challenges and possibilities of its time. The Constitution of India, under Article 45 and subsequently under Article 21A, underscores the state's obligation to provide free and compulsory education to all children, while the Directive Principles of State Policy aim to promote equality of opportunity. These constitutional commitments have been the foundation upon which the national education policies have evolved. The National Policy on Education 1968 was the first policy document after independence that attempted a comprehensive national vision for education. It was based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1964-66), which emphasized education as a crucial instrument of national development and social transformation. The 1968 policy recognized the urgent need to promote a common school system, ensuring access to education regardless of caste, creed, location, or gender. It introduced the three-language formula to promote national integration and respect for linguistic diversity, reflecting equity in terms of cultural inclusion. In pursuit of excellence, the policy emphasized quality improvement in science education and research, expansion of educational facilities, and the provision of trained teachers. However, the implementation remained weak due to resource constraints and lack of political will, limiting the practical realization of equity and excellence. The NPE 1986 marked a significant shift in the educational discourse by addressing the issues of social disparities more directly. It took a more proactive approach to the inclusion of marginalized communities such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women. The policy introduced ______ _______ ____ ___ ____ __________ _________ _______ ________.
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