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India’s educational journey since independence has been shaped by a series of National Education Policies (NEPs) designed to address the needs of a growing, diverse population. These policies reflect changing priorities over time—from nation-building and social integration to globalization and digital transformation. The evolution from the National Policy on Education (NPE) 1968 to the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 outlines a comprehensive narrative of India’s response to challenges in education, its commitment to equity, access, and quality, and its attempts to align education with economic and social goals. The first National Policy on Education was adopted in 1968 under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1964–66). It was the first comprehensive document that recognized education as a crucial investment in human capital. The policy emphasized equal educational opportunities, the removal of disparities in access, and the provision of compulsory education for children up to the age of 14. A key recommendation was the adoption of a three-language formula to promote multilingualism and national integration, with Hindi, English, and a regional language forming the foundation. The policy also emphasized the need to strengthen teacher training and science education. However, implementation was uneven across states, and challenges related to infrastructure, funding, and teacher shortages persisted. Following the 1968 policy, increasing demands for reforms led to the _____ ____ _______ ___ ______ ___ ________ ____.
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