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Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and the Polluter Pays Principle are important approaches for ensuring environmentally sound management of waste. In the context of Biomedical Waste Management (BMW), these principles help establish responsibility, accountability and financial obligations for persons or institutions whose activities generate biomedical waste or whose products contribute to its generation. Biomedical waste is generated during diagnosis, treatment and immunisation of human beings or animals, as well as during research, production or testing of biological materials. It includes human and animal anatomical waste, soiled waste, sharps, discarded medicines, laboratory waste, chemical waste and contaminated plastics. Because such waste can contain infectious agents, toxic chemicals and hazardous substances, its improper management poses serious risks to public health and the environment. The Polluter Pays Principle means that the person or institution responsible for causing environmental pollution should bear the cost of preventing, controlling and remedying that pollution. It is based on the idea that environmental costs should not be transferred to society or future generations. In BMW management, the principle places responsibility on healthcare facilities, laboratories, research institutions, veterinary establishments and other biomedical waste generators to manage their waste properly and bear the associated costs. A healthcare establishment cannot simply transfer the environmental and health risks of its waste to municipal authorities, sanitation workers or the general public. The waste generator is expected to ensure __________ ______ __________ ____ ________.
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