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Pharmaceutical waste refers to medicines, pharmaceutical products, vaccines, diagnostic substances, and related materials that are expired, damaged, contaminated, recalled, or otherwise no longer required. Such waste may contain active pharmaceutical ingredients, toxic chemicals, antibiotics, hormones, cytotoxic substances, or other biologically active compounds. If pharmaceutical waste is disposed of improperly, it can contaminate soil and water, expose healthcare workers and waste handlers to hazardous substances, and contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, safe treatment and disposal methods are essential in healthcare waste management. One important method used for certain types of pharmaceutical waste is encapsulation. Encapsulation is a waste-treatment and disposal technique in which pharmaceutical waste is enclosed or immobilized within a suitable material so that the waste cannot easily escape into the surrounding environment. The basic objective is to isolate hazardous pharmaceutical substances from people, animals, soil, groundwater, and surface water. Instead of allowing the waste to remain exposed, it is placed inside a container or enclosed in a solid matrix, which reduces the possibility of leakage, accidental contact, scavenging, and environmental contamination. The encapsulation process generally begins with the identification, segregation, collection, and temporary storage of pharmaceutical waste. Pharmaceutical waste should be separated from general healthcare waste at the point where it is _____ ________ ________ ___ _____ _______ __________ _______ ______ _____.
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