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The ecological perspective in urban sociology explains the growth, structure, and organization of cities by drawing an analogy between human communities and natural ecosystems. It emerged primarily through the work of the Chicago School of Sociology during the early twentieth century. Scholars such as Robert E. Park, Ernest W. Burgess, and Roderick D. McKenzie argued that cities evolve through processes similar to those found in nature, where competition, adaptation, invasion, succession, and dominance determine the distribution of people and activities across urban space. This perspective emphasizes the interaction between human populations and their physical environment and seeks to explain patterns of urban settlement and land use. According to the ecological perspective, urban development is not random but follows identifiable patterns shaped by economic competition and social interaction. Different social groups compete for limited urban resources such as land, housing, employment opportunities, and public facilities. As a result, areas within a city become differentiated according to social class, ethnicity, occupation, and income levels. The location of residential neighborhoods, commercial districts, and industrial zones reflects the outcome of this competitive process. One of the most influential contributions of the ecological perspective is Burgess’s Concentric Zone Model. Burgess proposed _________ __________ ________ ___ ____ _____ ____.
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